Titration Calculator

Calculate titration equivalence point volumes, pH at various points, and find unknown acid or base concentrations. Includes strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base titration.

🔬 Acid-Base📐 V₁N₁ = V₂N₂ or C₁V₁n₁ = C₂V₂n₂🧪 Chemistry
Concentration of titrant C1 (mol/L)
Volume of titrant V1 (mL)
Volume of analyte V2 (mL)
Protons per analyte n2
Protons per titrant n1
Please enter valid values.

Formula & Reference

VariableSymbolFormulaUnits
Titration Calculator—V₁N₁ = V₂N₂ or C₁V₁n₁ = C₂V₂n₂mL or mol

Step-by-Step Examples

Example 1
Find Acid Concentration

25.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH (n1=1) titrates 50.0 mL HCl (n2=1) to equivalence.

  • C2 = C1*V1*n1/(V2*n2)
  • = 0.100*25.0*1/(50.0*1) = 0.0500 M
✓ HCl concentration = 0.0500 M
Example 2
H2SO4 with NaOH

15.0 mL of 0.200 M NaOH titrates 10.0 mL H2SO4 (n2=2).

  • C(H2SO4) = 0.200*15.0*1/(10.0*2) = 0.150 M
✓ H2SO4 = 0.150 M
Example 3
Vinegar Acidity

32.5 mL of 0.100 M NaOH titrates 10.0 mL vinegar (density=1.00 g/mL, acetic acid n2=1).

  • C(acetic) = 0.100*32.5*1/(10.0*1) = 0.325 M
  • mass% = 0.325*60.05/1000*100 = 1.95% (w/v)
✓ Acetic acid = 0.325 M = 1.95% by mass

Real-World Applications

🧪
Analytical Chemistry
Primary use: determine unknown concentration of acid or base with high accuracy.
🍾
Food Quality
Acid content in wine, vinegar, milk, juices determined by acid-base titration.
🏭
Industrial QC
Pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturers verify reagent purity by titration.
📚
Education
Titration is a foundational quantitative analytical technique taught in all chemistry labs.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

⚠️
Endpoint vs equivalence point

Equivalence point: stoichiometric moles equal. Endpoint: indicator color change. Ideally same but indicator slightly overcooks (titration error).

⚠️
Use right stoichiometry n

n=1 for HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3. n=2 for H2SO4, H2C2O4, Ca(OH)2. n=3 for H3PO4 if all protons react.

⚠️
Account for significant figures

Burette readings: 0.05 mL precision. Use appropriate sig figs in reported concentration.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a titration? ▾
Controlled addition of titrant (known concentration) to analyte (unknown concentration) until equivalence is reached. Measure volume at equivalence to find unknown.
What is primary standard? ▾
High-purity substance used to make standard solution for titrations. KHP (phthalate) for base standardization. Na2CO3 for acid. NaCl for AgNO3.
What indicator should I use? ▾
Strong acid-strong base: phenolphthalein or bromothymol blue. Weak acid-strong base: phenolphthalein only (equivalence pH ~9). Weak base-strong acid: methyl red.
What is a blank titration? ▾
Titration without sample. Measures volume of titrant for background (water/reagents). Subtract from sample titration for correction.
What is back titration? ▾
Add excess reagent to sample, then titrate excess. Used when direct titration is too slow or reaction is incomplete.

Related Chemistry Calculators

🔬 pH Calculator🔬 Strong Acid pH🔬 Weak Acid pH🧪 Henderson-Hasselbalch🧪 Normality

Formula Explorer connections

Interpretation: This relationship connects hydrogen-ion activity, dissociation, conjugate ratios or titration stoichiometry to acid–base behavior. Assumption: Concentration approximates activity mainly in dilute solutions. Temperature, ionic strength, acid strength and equilibrium approximations affect accuracy.

Titration Endpoint & Indicator Calculator →Weak Acid pH Calculator →Titration Curve pH Calculator →Chemistry Formula Explorer →